In Buddhist philosophy, particularly within the Tiantai (Tendai) and Huayan (Kegon) schools, the concept of the Ten Realms (十界 – shí jiè) offers a profound framework for understanding the diverse conditions of life and the various states of mind we experience. These realms are not necessarily physical places, but rather internal states, external environments, and potential future existences that all beings can inhabit, traverse, and even transform.
Nichiren Buddhism (including Nichiren Shu) emphasizes this concept deeply, asserting that all ten realms exist simultaneously within every moment of life, a principle known as The Mutual Possession of the Ten Worlds (十界互具 – jikkai gogu). This means that even the state of Buddhahood is inherent in a person experiencing the torments of Hell, and vice versa. Our current state is determined by the dominant thought or condition of our lives at any given moment.
The teaching of the Ten Realms provides a powerful lens through which to examine our own lives, cultivate compassion, and work towards enlightenment. Let’s explore each of these realms:
In Buddhist philosophy, particularly within the Tiantai (Tendai) and Huayan (Kegon) schools, the concept of the Ten Realms (十界 – shí jiè) offers a profound framework for understanding the diverse conditions of life and the various states of mind we experience. These realms are not necessarily physical places, but rather internal states, external environments, and potential future existences that all beings can inhabit, traverse, and even transform.
The teaching of the Ten Realms provides a powerful lens through which to examine our own lives, cultivate compassion, and work towards enlightenment. Let’s explore each of these realms:

The Six Lower Realms (Paths of Suffering)
These realms are often characterized by suffering and are considered less desirable states of existence, driven by delusion and negative karma.
1. The Realm of Hell (地獄界 – dìyù jiè)
This is the lowest and most agonizing realm, characterized by intense suffering, pain, and despair. It represents a state of overwhelming anger, hatred, and self-torment. While it can manifest as literal hellish existences, it also signifies the experience of extreme mental anguish, guilt, and resentment in our current lives.
2. The Realm of Hungry Ghosts (餓鬼界 – èguǐ jiè)
In this realm, beings suffer from insatiable cravings and desires, constantly seeking fulfillment but never finding satisfaction. They are plagued by spiritual and emotional hunger. This can be seen in our lives as addiction, greed, and a perpetual feeling of emptiness, always wanting more but never feeling truly content.
3. The Realm of Animals (畜生界 – chùshēng jiè)
This realm is characterized by instinctual behavior, ignorance, and a lack of self-awareness. Beings in this realm are often driven by survival, fear, and desire, without much capacity for moral discernment or spiritual growth. In human terms, it can represent a life lived purely by instinct, without reason or compassion, or being exploited by others.
4. The Realm of Ashura (阿修羅界 – āxiūluó jiè)
Also known as the “fighting spirits” or “demi-gods,” Ashuras are powerful but perpetually engaged in conflict, jealousy, and pride. They are driven by a desire for dominance and recognition, often feeling competitive and angry. This realm reflects states of intense rivalry, arrogance, and a constant struggle for superiority, even when endowed with power or wealth.
5. The Realm of Humans (人間界 – rénjiān jiè)
This is our current realm, characterized by a balance of suffering and joy. Humans have the unique capacity for both good and evil, wisdom and ignorance. It is considered a crucial realm because it offers the greatest opportunity for spiritual awakening and understanding the Dharma, due to our ability to reason, make choices, and pursue enlightenment.
6. The Realm of Heavenly Beings (天界 – tiān jiè)
These are realms of pleasure, happiness, and comfort, inhabited by “gods” or celestial beings who have accumulated much positive karma. However, even this realm is temporary; when their good karma is exhausted, they will fall into lower realms again. This represents states of fleeting joy, luxury, and temporary freedom from suffering, but without the ultimate liberation of enlightenment.
The Four Noble Realms (Paths of Enlightenment)
These realms represent states of mind and existence that lead towards liberation and enlightenment, transcending the cycle of suffering.
7. The Realm of Sravakas (声聞界 – shēngwén jiè)
Sravakas, or “Voice-Hearers,” are those who hear the teachings of a Buddha and strive to attain individual liberation by eliminating delusions and attachment. They achieve a state of personal peace and insight, primarily focusing on their own spiritual development. This represents a stage of initial understanding and practice of the Dharma.
8. The Realm of Pratyekabuddhas (縁覚界 – yuánjué jiè)
Pratyekabuddhas, or “Solitary Buddhas,” attain enlightenment independently, often through observing the principle of dependent origination and the impermanence of life, without a direct teacher or guiding Buddha in their lifetime. They achieve a deeper level of insight than Sravakas but generally do not teach others. This signifies profound individual realization, often through introspection and observation of nature.
9. The Realm of Bodhisattvas (菩薩界 – púsà jiè)
Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who have vowed to postpone their own final nirvana to help all other sentient beings achieve enlightenment. They embody boundless compassion and wisdom, actively working to alleviate suffering in the world. This realm represents the highest ideal of Mahayana Buddhism, characterized by altruism, selflessness, and the commitment to universal salvation.
10. The Realm of Buddhahood (佛界 – fó jiè)
This is the highest and ultimate realm, the state of perfect and complete enlightenment. A Buddha is one who has fully awakened to the ultimate truth of the universe, transcended all suffering, and possesses infinite wisdom, compassion, and courage. This realm represents the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice, a state of absolute freedom, peace, and pervasive wisdom that is inherent in all beings.





